حاکمیت اراده و محدودیت‌های آن در قراردادهای بین‌المللی

نویسنده

استادیار حقوق تجارت بین‌المللی، دانشکدۀ حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

درحالی که امروزه اصل حاکمیت اراده در انتخاب قانون حاکم بر قراردادها، در قوانین داخلی بسیاری از کشورها و نیز در اسناد بین‌المللی تقریباً قبول عام یافته است، مادۀ 968 قانون مدنی ایران اختیار انتخاب قانون حاکم بر تعهدات قراردادی را از اتباع ایرانی نسبت به قراردادهای بین المللی‌ای که در سرزمین ایران منعقد سازند، سلب می نماید. با مطالعه در قوانین داخلی کشورهای صاحب‌نام و نیز اسناد بین‌المللی می‌توان به این نکته پی برد که محدود کردن حق اتباع ایرانی به انتخاب قانون قابل‌اجرا بر قراردادهای بین‌المللی منعقد در سرزمین ایران، موضعی قابل دفاع نیست. البته، حتی در نظام‌های حقوقی‌ای که اختیار انتخاب قانون حاکم بر قراردادهای بین‌المللی به متعاملین داده شده، حق انتخاب قانون حاکم حقی مطلق نیست. گذشته از اینکه شرایطی برای اعمال این حق وجود دارد، در همۀ نظام‌های پذیرندۀ حاکمیت اراده در انتخاب قانون حاکم، محدودیت‌هایی نیز بر سر راه اعمال قانون منتخب متعاملین قرار داده شده که وجود این محدودیت‌ها مانع اعمال قانون منتخب در پاره ای موارد می‌شوند. نظم عمومی و قواعد امری، از موانع پذیرفته شدۀ حاکمیت اراده در انتخاب قانون حاکم بر قراردادهاست. امّا، پرسش این است که در تحدید ارادۀ متعاملین قواعد امری چه کشوری باید ملاک قرار گیرد؟ مقالۀ حاضر ضمن بررسی اجمالی اصل حاکمیت اراده در انتخاب قانون حاکم بر قراردادها، بر پایه قوانین داخلی کشورها و پاره‌ای اسناد بین‌المللی، به مطالعۀ تطبیقی و بین‌المللی پاسخ هایی که به پرسش فوق داده شده، می‌پردازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Party Autonomy and Its Limits in International Contracts

نویسنده [English]

  • Mashaallah BANA NIASARI
چکیده [English]

While today principle of party autonomy in determining law applicable to contracts have gained general acceptance in national codes and international instruments, Art. 968 of Iranian Civil Code doesn't give the right to Iranian nationals in choosing law applicable to international contracts, if the contract was concluded in Iran territory. Having studied authoritative national codes and international instruments, one can find the Iranian civil code position (i.e., Art. 968) is not defensible in this respect. However, even the legal systems that give the right to choice the law applicable to contract to contractual parties; this right is not absolute and limitless. Beside the conditions and parameters for applying this right, all legal systems receptive to party autonomy in determining law applicable to contracts place barriers and limits upon applying parties' choice of law. Public policy and mandatory rules are limits for applying foreign choice of law applicable to contractual relationships. But question here is that public policy and mandatory rules of which country limits party autonomy of parties to contract? This article after brief survey of party autonomy in determining law applicable to international contracts, upon national codes and international instrument examine answers that have been gave to the above question from comparative and international perspective.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • conflict of laws
  • party autonomy
  • Lex Limitativa
  • mandatory rules
  • ordre public international
Books
[1] American Law Institute. Restatement (First) of Conflict of laws. (1934).
[2] American Law Institute. Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws. (1971).
[3] Beale, Joseph H. Treatise on the Conflicts of Laws. New York: Baker, Voorhis & Co., 1935.
[4] Briggs, Adrian. Agreements on Jurisdiction and Choice of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
[5] Cook, Walter W. The Logical and Legal Bases of the Conflict of Laws. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942.
[6] Hay, Peter and Patrick J. Borchers and Symeon C. Symeonides, Conflict of Laws. 5th ed. USA: West Academic Publishing, 2012.
[7] Minor, Raleigh C. Conflict of laws of private International Law. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1901.
[8] Samtleben, Jürgen. Derecho International Privado en América Latina, Teoria y Pràctica del Código Bustamante. Buenos Aires: Autorizada, Actualizada Y Aum, 1983.
[9] Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Conflicts of Laws. 2d ed. Boston: C.C. Little and J. Brown, 1841.
[10] Symeonides, Symeon C. Codifying Choice of Law around the World: An International Comparative Analysis Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2014.
[11] Symeonides, Symeon C. ‘‘Codifying Choice of Law for Contracts: The Pureto Rico Project.’’ in Law and Justice in a Multistate World: Essays in Honor of Arthur T. von Mehren, edited by J. Nafziger & S. Symeonides, 419-438. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2002.
[12] Symeonides, Symeon C. ‘‘Party Autonomy and the Lex Limitativa.’’ in In Search of Justice: Essays in honour of Spyridon Vrellis, edited by Ch. Pampoukis, 909-924. Athens: Nomiki Bibliothiki, 2014.
[13] Symeonides, Symeon C. The American Choice-of-Law Revolution: Past, Present and Future. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
[14] Von Overbeck, Alfred E. ‘‘L’irrésistible Extension de L’autonomie de la Volonté en Droit International Privé.’’ in Noveaux Intinéraires en Droit: Hommage à Francois Rigaux, edited by François Rigaux, 619-636. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 1993.
[15] Westrik, Roel and Jeroen Van Der Weide, Eds., Party Autonomy in International Property Law. Munich: European Law Publishers, 2011.
Articles
[16] Beale, Joseph H. ‘‘Discussion of Conflict of Law Tentative Draft No. 4.’’ A.L.I Proc. 6 (1927-28): 458.
[17] De Boer, Thomas M. ‘‘Party Autonomy and Its Limitations in the Rome II Regulation.’’ YBK. Priv. Int'l L. 9 (2007): 19-29.
[18] Liang, Jieying ‘‘Statutory Restrictions on Party Autonomy in China's Private International Law of Contract: How Far Does the 2010 Codification Go?.’’ J. Priv. Int'l. L. 8 (2012): 77-112.
[19] Jayme, Erik ‘‘Indentité Culturelle et Integration: Le Droit International Privé Postmoderne.’’ Recueil Des Cours 251 (1995): 33-265.
[20] Lando, Ole ‘‘The EEC Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations.’’ Com. Mark. L. Rev. 24 (1987): 159-214.
[21] Lorenzen, Ernest ‘‘Validity and Effect of Contracts in the Conflict of Laws.’’ Yale L.J. 30 (1921): 655-673.
[22] Symeonides, Symeon C. ‘‘Oregon's Choice-of-Law Codification for Contract Conflicts: An Exegesis.’’ Willamette L. Rev. 44 (2007): 205-252.
[23] Symeonides, Symeon C. ‘‘Party Autonomy in Rome I and II from a Comparative Perspective.’’ Ned. IPR 28 (2010): 191-205.
[24] Symeonides, Symeon C. ‘‘Private International Law Codification in a Mixed Jurisdiction: The Louisiana Experience.’’ RABELSZ 57 (1993): 460-516.
[25] Symeonides, Symeon C. ‘‘The First Conflicts Restatement Through the Eyes of Old: As Bad as Its Reputation?.’’ S. Ill. U. L.J. 32 (2007): 39-82.
[26] Symeonides, Symeon C. ‘‘The Hague Principles on Choice of Law for International Contracts: Some Preliminary Comments.’’ Am. J. Comp. L. 61 (2013): 873-899.
[27] Weintraub, Russell J. ‘‘Functional Developments in Choice of Law for Contracts.’’ Recueil Des Cours 187 (1984): 239-296.
[28] Xiao, Yongping & Weidi Long, ‘‘Contractual Party Autonomy in Chinese Private International Law.’’ Y.B. Priv. Int'l. L. 11 (2009): 193-210.
Conventions and International Instruments
[29] Convention on Private International Law (The Bustamonte Code), Feb. 20, 1928, 86 L.N.T.S. 111.
[30] Council Convention 80/934/ECC, on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations, 1980 O.J. (L 266) 1, 1-19.
[31] Council Regulation 4/2009, of 18 December 2008 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition and Enforcement of Decesions and Cooperation in Matters Relating to Maintenance Obligations, 2009 O.J. (L 7) 1, 9 (EC).
[32] Council Regulation 1259/2010, of 20 December 2010 Implementing Enhanced Cooperation in the Area of the Law Applicable to Divorce and Legal Separation, 2010 O.J. (L 343) (10) (EU).
[33] Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Dec. 22, 1986, http://www.hcch.net/upload/conventions/txt31en.pdf, accessed September 20, 2016.
[34] Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Certain Rights in respect of Securities Held with an Intermediary, July 5, 2006, http://www.hcch.net/upload/conventions/txt36en.pdf, accessed September 20, 2016.
[35] Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Matrimonial Property Regimes, Mar. 14, 1978, 16 I.L.M. 14.
[36] Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Succession to the Estates of Deceased Persons, Aug. 1, 1985, 28 I.L.M. 150.
[37] Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on Their Recognition, July 1, 1985, 23 I.L.M. 1389.
[38] Inter-American Convention on the Law Applicable to International Contracts, Mar. 17, 1994, 33 I.L.M. 732.
[39] Protocol on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations, Nov. 23, 2007, http://www.hcch.net/upload/conventions/txt39en.pdf, accessed September 20, 2016.
[40] Regulation 650/2012, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions and Acceptance and Enforcement of Authentic Instruments in Matters of Succession and on the Creation a European Certificate of Succession, 2012 O.J. (L 201) 107 (EU).
[41] Regulation 864/2007, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the Law Applicable to Non-Contractual Obligations (Rome II), 2007 O.J. (L 199) 40, 46 (EC).
USA Cases
[42] Andrews v. Pond, 38 U.S. (13 Pet.) 65 (1839).
[43] Cherokee Pump & Equip. Inc. v. Aurora Pump, 38 F.3d 246 (5th Cir. 1994).
[44] Gerli & Co. v. Cunard S. S. Co., 48 F.2d 115 (2d Cir. 1931).
[45] Loucks v. Standard & Oil Co. of N.Y., 120 N.E. 198 (N.Y. 1918).
[46] Pritchard v. Norton, 106 U.S. 124 (1882).
[47] Thompson v. Ketcham, 8 Johns. 189 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1811).
[48] Wayman v. Southard, 23 U.S. (10 Wheat.) 1, 48 (1825).
National Laws and Regulations
[49] Afghanistan Civil Code (1977).
[50] Albania Law No. 10428 of 2 July 2011 on Private International Law.
[51] Algeria Civil Code, as amended by Ordinance No. 75-58 of 26 Sept. 1975.
[52] Angola Civil Code.
[53] Argentina Anteproyecto de Código Civil y Commercial de law Nación (2012) by Commisión de Reformas Decreto Presidencial 191/2011.
[54] Armenia Civil Code as Adopted in 1998.
[55] Austria Bundesgesetz vom 15.6.1978 über das Internationale Privatrecht, as subsequently amended.
[56] Azerberbaijan law of 6 June 2000 on Private International law.
[57] Belarus Civil Code (Law of 7 December 1998, as amended on 28 Dec. 28 2009).
[58] Belgian Code de Droit International Privé (Loi du 16 juillet 2004).
[59] Bulgarian Private International Law Code (Law No. 42 of 2005 as Amended by Law No. 59 of 2007).
[60] Burkina Daso Code of Persons and Family (Law VII 0013 of 19 Nov. 1989).
[61] Burundi Code of Persons and Family (Decree-Law No. I/I of 15 jan. 1980 as Revised by Decree-Law No. I/024 of 28 April 1993).
[62] Cape Verde Civil Code, Re-enacted by Legislative Decree No. 12-C/97 of 30 June 1997.
[63] Central African Republic Law No. 65-71 of 3 June 1965 regarding the Obligatory Force of Laws and the Conflict of Laws in Time and Space.
[64] Chad Rrdinance No. 6 of 21 March 1967 for the Reform of Judicial Organization.
[65] China Statute of Application of Law to Foreign Civil Relations, Adopted at the 17th Session of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People's Congress on 28 October 2010.
[66] Croatia [Former Yugoslav] Act of 15 July 1982 on the Resolution of Conflicts of Laws with Laws and Regulations of other Countries in Certain Matters.
[67] Cuba Civil Code of 1987, Adopted by Law No. 59 of 16 July 1987.
[68] Czech Law No. 91 of 25 January 2012 on Private International Law, Effective 1 Jan. 2014.
[69] Czechoslovakian (Slovakia) Act 97 of 1963 on Private International Law and Procedure, as Subsequently Amended.
[70] East Timor Civil Code, Re-enacted by Law No. 10/2011 of 14 Sept. 2011.
[71] Estonia Private International Law Act of 27 March 2002.
[72] FYROM (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) Private International Law Act of 4 July 2007.
[73] Gabon Civil Code (Law No. 15/1972 of 29.7.1972 Adopting Part I of Civil Code).
[74] Georgia Act No. 1362 of 29 April 1998 on Private International Law.
[75] Germany Gesetz zur Neuregelung des IPR vom 25.7.1986; Gesetz zum IPR für auβervertragliche Schuldverhältnisse und das Sachenrecht vom 21.5.1999.
[76] Guatemala Ley del Organism Judicial (Decreto 2-89, of 18.3.1989).
[77] Guinea-Bissau Civil Code, Re-enacted by Guinea-Bissau Law No. 1/73 of 27 Sept. 1973.
[78] Hungary Law-Decree No. 13 of 1979 on Private International Law.
[79] Italy Act No. 218 of 31 May 1995 (Riforma del Sistema Italiano di Diritto Internazionale Privato).
[80] Japan Law No. 10 of 1989 as Newly Titled and Amended on 21 June 2006, Effective I Jan. 2007, on the General Rules of Application of Laws.
[81] Jordan Civil Code of 1 August 1976.
[82] Kazakhstan Civil Code, Enacted by Law No. 409-I ZRK of 1 July 1999.
[83] Korea (north) Law on External Civil Relations, Adopted by Resolution No. 62 the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly on 6 Sept. 1995, and Amended by Decree No. 251 of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly on 10 Dec. 1998.
[84] Korea (South) Law 6465 of 7 April 2001, Amending the Conflict of laws Act of the Republic of Korea.
[85] Kyrgyzstan Law of 5 Jan. 1998 Revising Civil Code.
[86] Liechtenstein Private International Law Act of 1996.
[87] Lithuania Civil Code 0f 2000.
[88] Macau Civil Code, Approved by Law-Decree No. 39/99 of 3 Aug. 1999.
[89] Mexico Civil Code for the Federal District in Ordinary Matters and for the Entire Republic in Federal Matters, as Amended by Decree of 11 Dec. 1987.
[90] Moldova Civil Code (Law 1107 of 6 June 2002).
[91] Mongolia Civil Code, Enacted 2 Jan., 2002.
[92] Mozambique Civil Code, Enacted by Portuguese Ordinance No. 22,869 of 4 Sept. 1967.
[93] Netherlands Act of 19 May 2011 Adopting and Implementing Book 10 (Private International Law) of the Dutch Civil Code.
[94] Paraguay Civil Code as Revised by Law No. 1183 of 18 December 1985.
[95] Peru Civil Code of 1984, Book X.
[96] Poland Act of Private International Law of 4 Feb. 2011.
[97] Portugal Civil Code, as Revised in 1966 and Subsequently.
[98] Puerto Rico Proyecto de Ley para la Revisión y Reformadel Código Civil de Puerto Rico, Libro Séptimo (Derecho International Privado), 25 de Mayo 2002.
[99] Qatar Civil Code, as Amended by Law 22/2004 of 8 August 2004.
[100] Quebec L.Q. 1991, ch. 64, Composing Book Ten of the Quebec Civil Code.
[101] Romania Law No. 105 of 22 Sept. 1992 on the Settlement of Private International Law Relations.
[102] Russia Civil Code, Part III, Enacted by Federal Law No. 146 of 26 Nov. 2001.
[103] Rwanda law No. 42/1988 (Preliminary Title and First Book of the Civil Code) in Force since 1 May 1992.
[104] Serbia Ministry of Justice Draft of 20 July 2012 on Private Internationsl Law Code.
[105] Slovakia (Czechoslovakian) Act 97 of 1963 on Private International Law and Procedure, as Subsequently Amended.
[106] Slovenia Private International Lawand Procedure Act of 30 June 1999.
[107] Somalia Civil Code, Law No. 37 of 2 July 1973.
[108] Switzerland Bundesgesetz über das Internationale Privatrecht (IPRG) vom 18. Dez. 1987 – Loi Féderale sur le Droit International Privé (LDIP) du 18 déc. 1987.
[109] Taiwan Act Governing the Application of Laws in Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements, Promulgated on 26 May 2010.
[110] Tajikistan Civil Code, Enacted by Law No. 3 of 1 March 2005.
[111] Tunisia Code of Private International Law (Law No. 98-97 of 27 Nov. 1998).
[112] Turkey Law No. 5718 of 27 Nov. 2007 Adopting the Turkish Code of Private International Law and International Civil Procedure.
[113] United Arab Emirates Code of Civil Transactions.
[114] Ukraine law of 23 June 2005 No. 2709-IV on Private International Law, as Subsequently Amended.
[115] Uruguay Proyecto de Ley General de Derecho Internacional Privado, 19.1.2009.
[116] Uzbekistan Civil Code, Enacted by Law 257-1 of 29.08.1996.
[117] Venezuela Act of 6 Aug. 1998 on Private International Law.
[118] Vietnam Civil Code of 1995.
[119] Yemen Law of 29 march 1992 on Private International law.