تعلیق قانونی انتقال مالکیت مبیع بر تأدیۀ ثمن؟ مطالعه ای در قواعد انتقال مالکیت مبیع در حقوق آلمان با نگاهی به حقوق انگلستان و استرالیا

نویسنده

استادیار حقوق تجارت بین‌المللی، دانشکدۀ حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

توافق بر حفظ حق مالکیت تا زمان تأدیه ثمن، ابزار قراردادی رایجی برای تضمین پرداخت ثمن در مواردی است که مبیع پیش از تأدیه ثمن به خریدار تسلیم می‌گردد. در غالب نظام‌های حقوقی ترتیبات حفظ حق مالکیت مستلزم تحقق تراضی میان خریدار و فروشنده است. این مقاله بر پایه مطالعه تطبیقی حقوق آلمان، استدلال می‌کند که به مصلحت کلیه طرفین ذی‌نفع است که احکام قانونی حفظ حق مالکیت مبیع تا تأدیه ثمن جایگزین شرط لزوم تراضی متعاملین در این خصوص گردد. احکام قانونی حفظ حق مالکیت، یا به عبارتی قواعدی که براساس آن تأدیه ثمن یکی از شرایط قهری و قانونی ـ  اما در عین حال تخییری ـ  انتقال مالکیت بر مال منقول باشد، چیزی جز جذب عرف رایج قراردادی در قانون نخواهد بود و به این‌سان احتمال بروز خطا و نزاع و اختلاف از سر راه متعاملین برداشته خواهد شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Payment of Purchase Price as Statutory Condition Precedent for Transfer of the Sold Goods Ownership? A Comparative Analysis of German Property Transfer Rules in Light of English and Australian Law

نویسنده [English]

  • Mashaallah Bana Niasari
چکیده [English]

Retention of title clauses are common contractual devices to secure the payment of purchase price in situations where the sold goods are delivered to the buyer prior to such payment. In most legal systems, retention of title arrangements require an agreement between the buyer and the seller. Based on a comparative analysis of German law, this article argues that it would be in the best interest of all concerned parties to replace this requirement with statutory reservation of title provisions. Statutory reservation of title provisions, that is, rules according to which the payment of the purchase price is an automatic – but rebuttable and default – precondition for the transfer of title to moveable property, would only incorporate what is common contract practice into law anyway and thus eliminate the potential for errors and prevent from arising various conflicts.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • German Law
  • Reservation of Title
  • Payment of Price
  • Secured Transactions
A- Books
1. Atiyah, PS, The Sale of Goods. 11nd Ed. UK: Longman, 2005.
2. Bell, John, ‘‘Statutes, Legal Texts and Operative Enactments.’’ in Semiotics and Legislation: Jurisprudential, Institutional, and Sociological Perspectives, edited by Henneke van Schooten, 71-79. D. Charles Publications, 1999.
3. Burn, Edward, and John Cartwright, Cheshire & Burns Modern Law of Real Property. 11nd Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
4. Calnan, Richard, Taking Security - Law and Practice.  1nd Ed. UK.: Jordan Publishing Limited, 2006.
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8.  Kwan, Paul, Hong Kong Corporate Law . 1nd Ed. Hong Kong: LexisNexis, 2006.
9.  Thorn, Karsten, ‘‘Germany.’’ in Transfer of Ownership in International Trade, edited by Alexander von Ziegler et al., 181-200. USA: Kluwer Law International/ICC,1999.
10. van Vliet, Lars Peter Wunnibald, Transfer of Movables in German, French, English and Dutch Law.  1nd Ed. Netherlands: Nijmegen, 2000.
11. Whincup, Michael H., Contract Law and Practice - The English System and Continental Comparisons. 4nd Ed. USA: Kluwer Law International, 2001.
12. Worthington, Sarah, ‘‘Passing of Property.’’ in Sale of Goods, edited by Ewan McKendrick, 57-105. UK: Informa Law, 2000.
13. Zimmermann, Reinhard, The new German Law of Obligations: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. 1nd Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
 
B- Articles
14. Allan, David E., ‘‘Personal Property Security in Australia - A Long, Long Trail A-Winding.’’ Dickinson Law Review  106 (2001): 145-158.
15. Brown, Brendan, ‘‘Retention of Title under New Zealand’s Personal Property Security Act 1999.’’ Journal of International Banking Law 17 (2002): 102-109.
16. McCormack, Gerard, ‘‘Personal Property Security Law Reform in Comparative Perspective - Antipodean Insights?’’ Common Law World Review  33 (2004): 3-34.
17. McCormack, Gerard, ‘‘Personal Property Security Law Reform in England and Canada.’’ Journal of Business Law  (2002): 113-142.
18. McKnight, Andrew, ‘‘The Reform of English Law Concerning Secured Transactions.’’ Part 1 Journal of International Banking Law & Regulation (2006): 497-508 and Part 2 Journal of International Banking Law & Regulation (2006): 587-598.
19. Milo, J. Michael, ‘‘Retention of Title in European Business Transactions.’’ Washburn Law Journal  43 (2003): 121-140.
20. Oderkerk, Marieke, ‘‘The Importance of Context: Selecting Legal Systems in Comparative Legal Research.’’ Netherlands International Law Review 48 (2001): 293-318.
21. Taylor, Juliet, ‘‘Retention of Title and Trans-Tasman Supply of Goods.’’ New Zealand Business Law Quarterly 12 (2006): 71-91.
22. Wolff, Lutz-Christian, ‘‘Assignment Agreements under English Law: Lost between Contract and Property Law?’’ The Journal of Business Law (2005): 473-493.
23. Wolff, Lutz-Christian, ‘‘Statutory Retention of Title Structures? A Comparative Analysis of German Property Transfer Rules in Light of English and Australian Law.’’ Deakin Law Review 14 (2009): 1-27.
 
C- Internet Websites
24. Andrew Hudson and Brendan Sheekan. ‘‘Australia: Personal Property Securities Bill 2008 Update (2009) Mondaq.’’ Accessed April 28, 2009. http://www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=76674.
25. DLA Phillips Fox. ‘‘Senate Committee Recommends Delay and Simplification of Personal Property Securities (PPS).’’ Accessed April 28, 2009. <http://www.dlaphillipsfox.com/article/452/Senate-Comittee-recommends-delay-and-simplification-of-Personal-Properties-Securities-PPS>.
26. Federal Ministry of Justice. ‘‘Translation of BGB provided by juris GmbH at the website of the German Bundesjustizministerium (Federal Ministry of Justice).’’ Accessed July 20, 2015. <http://www.gesetze- im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/englisch_bgb.html#Section%20433>.
27. Scottish Law Commission. ‘‘The discussion paper of the Scottish Law Commission, Registration of Rights in Security by Companies (2002).’’ Accessed January 18, 2009. <http://www.scotlawcom.gov.uk/downloads/dp121_ registration.pdf>.
28. The Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs. ‘‘Exposure Draft of the Personal Property Securities Bill 2008 (2008) (‘the Report’).’’ Accessed April 28, 2009.
 <http://www.aph.gov.au/SENATE/COMMITTEE/legcon_ctte/personal_property/report/index.htm>.