رژیم جهانی در زمینه سرمایه گذاری خارجی: چالش ها و تحولات

نویسنده

دانشجوی دوره دکتری تخصصی رشته حقوق بین‌الملل مرکز تحصیلات تکمیلی پیام نور تهران

چکیده

 اگرچه از پایان جنگ جهانی دوم به بعد حدود 3000 قرارداد سرمایه گذاری بین المللی منعقد شده است که هر کدام از آن ها دارای اسناد قانونی متفاوت و مجزایی هستند، لکن یک گروه از رژیم جهانی نوظهور برای سرمایه گذاری ایجاد نموده اند که انعکاسی از نظریه رژیم در روابط بین المللی است. علاوه بر داشتن دیگر خصایص، رژیم سرمایه گذاری دارای سه خصیصه بی نظیر نیز است: قراردادهای مزبور بیشتر به صورت دوجانبه هستند؛ فرایند تصمیم گیری در آن به صورت خصوصی و غیر متمرکز است؛ و مبتنی بر یک سازمان بین المللی چند جانبه نیست. ویژگی های مطرح شده فوق پی آمدهای مهمی برای کارکرد و ثبات رژیم دارد. علاوه بر این، رژیم مزبور با چهار چالش عمده مواجه است؛ (1) دلسردی ها و ناکامی های ناشی از نتایج رژیم؛ (2) فرایند تصمیم گیری ناقص و محدودیت های غیر قابل توجیه بر حاکمیت ملی؛ (3) تنوع انتظارات مشارکت کنندگان در رژیم و (4) اثرات بحران های اقتصادی جهانی و ملی بر آن. با این وجود، رژیم سرمایه گذاری بین المللی مستلزم مدیریت خردمندانه و رهبری انعطاف پذیر است تا اینکه بتواند در برابر چالش ها تاب بیاورد و به اهدافش تا حدودی تحقق بخشد. این مقاله به بررسی عناصر رژیم سرمایه گذاری بین المللی، دلایل توسعه آن، اهدافی که دنبال می نماید و چالش هایی که با آن مواجه است می پردازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Global Regime on Foreign Investment: Challenges and Developments

نویسنده [English]

  • Hossein Foroughiniya
چکیده [English]

Although the 3000 international investment treaties concluded since the end of World War II are separate and distinct international legal instruments, they constitute, as a group, an emerging global regime for investment. Drawing on regime theory from the field of international relations. While having all the characteristics of other international regimes, the investment regime also has three unique features: it has been bilaterally, rather than multilaterally, constructed: it decentralizes and privatizes decision-making processes; and it is not based on a multilateral international organization. All of these features have significant consequences for the functionality and sustainability of the regime. The regime also faces four major challenges: (1) disappointing regime results; (2) perceived defective decision-making process and unjustified constraints on national sovereignty; (3) divergence of participant expectations; and (4) the impact of national and global economic crises. On the other hand, certain other factors tend to give the regime a sticky quality that makes the departure of members difficult. Nonetheless, the international investment regime will require wise management and flexible leadership in the future if it is to withstand these challenges and achieve its potential. This article examines the elements of the international investment regime, the reasons for its development, the goals that it pursues, and the challenges that it faces.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • bilateral investment treaties
  • international investment regime
  • international organization
  • trade international law
  • Principles
  • norms
  • rules
  • decision making processes
  • economic liberalization
  • enforcement mechanisms
  • international arbitration
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